Error when install package but you can’t

Link for resolve: Reddit

If you package problem, for example (Code). You need to perform these commands

# Location the error or missing package
sudo apt policy code
 
# Reinstall or purge your package cause error
sudo dpkg --remove --force-remove-reinstreq code
sudo apt purge code --autoremove
sudo apt install --fix-broken
sudo apt update

`libssl` error in Ubuntu 22.04

Info

Ubuntu 22.04 has upgraded libssl to 3 and does not propose libssl1.1, so when you install packages that meet the problems, with me when setup Azure agent, read at The SSL connection could not be established, and No usable version of libssl was found. But when you need to revert some other version problem will mess up, you can follow this one and reboot your machine to applied compatible version of libssl

Link issue: StackOverFlow - MongoDB Install Fails on Ubuntu 22.04 - Depends on libssl1.1 but it is not installable

Package: libssl1.1_1.1.1f-1ubuntu2_amd64.deb

Install via source-list when you import the key

# Write a source of package into apt, to retrieve the version of package
echo "deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/focal-security.list
 
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install libssl1.1
 
# Delete the focal-security list file you just created
sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/focal-security.list

Manually installed

# Retrive the package from ubuntu repositories
wget http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/o/openssl/libssl1.1_1.1.1f-1ubuntu2_amd64.deb
 
# Install the lib debian file which you download
sudo dpkg -i libssl1.1_1.1.1f-1ubuntu2_amd64.deb

Problem with `ssh`

When you see the situation about your key for authentication a destination host have changing because your action or hacker, from your side you can resolve when exection ssh by flushing the old key like

ssh-keygen -f "/home/user/.ssh/known_hosts" -R "[127.0.0.1]:6996"

Success

It will help you update your known_hosts, and give you permission to authentication remote host with new cred

If you meet situation about, cannot auth ssh via password. It means, usually your host will protect your VM with no enable PasswordAuthentication in /etc/ssh/sshd_conf. If you want to enable, you need to perform

# Change content sshd_config
sudo sed -i 's/#PasswordAuthentication no/PasswordAuthentication yes/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
 
# Restart ssh vervice
sudo systemctl restart sshd
 
# OR
sudo /etc/init.d/ssh force-reload
sudo /etc/init.d/ssh restart

Error when setup virtualbox in Ubuntu

Info

That issue come from when you install the virtualbox in OS with enable secure boot in the BIOS, usually come from individual machine, I thinks. Mostly you install virtualbox from apt, it will not applied when your machine meet that problem. Can explain more 😅

You can find the solution for secure boot at

Quote

That is tough think for new start, I know but you have 2 way to resolve the problem, i dunno make sure you follow what but, this is the same between them but one side is manually generate and other use deb with include that step. Follow if you solve the problem

First method

Note

Manually generate, and submit mok for authentication secure boot, that new for me and cost me time to understand 😄 but that gradually valuable

# Install the mkutil package to be able to do signed
# Often, your host will include this tool, if not download it
sudo apt update
sudo apt install mokutil -y
 
# Generate the signature file
openssl req -new -x509 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout MOK.priv -outform DER -out MOK.der -nodes -days 36500 -subj "/CN=VirtualBox/"
 
# Add it to the kernal
sudo /usr/src/linux-headers-$(uname -r)/scripts/sign-file sha256 ./MOK.priv ./MOK.der $(modinfo -n vboxdrv)
 
# Register it for the Secure Boot
# In this step, it will ask you provide the password
# provide it what you want, remember and retype when reboot MOK again
sudo mokutil --import MOK.der
 
# Do the reboot machine now, with reboot or shutdown command
sudo shutdown -r now # sudo reboot (same actions)

When reboot you will see the screen, choose Enroll MOK to continue. Answer the step in blue screen Enroll MOK > Continue > Yes > and it will ask you for the password > reboot. That will boot you to ubuntu. After that to validate it work or not, you can do

# Check version and problems of virtualbox, if not
# Use are completely resolving the problem
VBoxManage --version
 
# (Optional) To check MOK key, sign and status, use
sudo mokutil --list-enrolled

If not work at all, you need to delete the MOK key and will do the another optional

# Delete the key (On the situation, you continue keep key)\
# basically, you just need delete with key selected
sudo mokutil --delete /your/key/enrolled
 
# Check the key will add to queue to delete
sudo mokutil --list-delete # exist, it will be okay
 
# Reboot, and do enroll MOK boot like above
sudo reboot

Your work will have different, you can follow Enroll MOK > Delete > Yes > and it will ask you for the password > reboot . That all you remove the old key, if you delete or forgot where you put the key, follow this step

# You will export the key you enrolled
mokutil --export
 
# Usually, that will have name with syntax, e.g: MOK-xxxx.der
# take a look list-enrolled, map that with the key, for example
# If your key which want delete on location, you will choose
# MOK-0002.der with same command above
sudo mokutil --delete MOK-0002.der

Second method

Note

That will simple, but make sure you do same thing above but the virtualbox will give you all step and just need prompt your password, remember for re-typing again in MOK

This method will require you install virtualbox from official documentation, you can use wget , curl or you can directly click and install that, here the link

After that, you need install that with --fix-broken to help you install dependencies packages with your deb

# For example, I use Ubuntu 24.04. It can be done like this
# You will ask to prompt password in the last step
sudo apt --fix-broken install ./virtualbox-7.0_7.0.18-162988~Ubuntu~noble_amd64.deb -y
 
# Reboot and do MOK step like above
sudo shutdown -r now

Success

That will help you resolve this case, maybe when you have new version of Ubuntu that can be reason why you had the problems, make sure you control that

Swap mode in Ubuntu

Info

You can swap mode in Ubuntu from desktop mode to server mode, by use key combining

Ctrl + Alt + F1 : To use desktop mode
Ctrl + Alt + F3: To use shell or server mode

Clean Swap memory

With architecture of linux, swap memory submit crucial role for operating stuff inside machine, bring back stability and performance. Explore about swap memory at Phoenix - Swap Space in Linux: What It Is & How It Works

Warning

The customization into swap memory need to concern before do because you will touch into part with one making decision for performance main system

But you can gently clean that with few commands to help you collect, and get swap memory back to machine. E.g: When you compile java, if you not configure jvm with good behavior, It will use a lot memory and swap is one of those.

To prevent that, you can use command below to disable all swap partition, it will help reclaim memory swap being use

sudo swapoff -a

After reclaim, you can turn on it again for reusing to continuous provide swap memory for system

sudo swapon -a

You can explore and figure out more configuration and memory with linux through article

Set and use environment variables from `.env` file

Info

Read more about topic at

StackOverFlow - Set environment variables from file of key/value pairs

FreeCodeCamp - How to Set an Environment Variable in Linux

Use export with except # line in .env file

export $(grep -v '^#' .env | xargs)

When you want to work with script, you can use -o allexport

# Multiple line
set -o allexport
source dot/env/file
set +o allexport
 
# One line
set -o allexport && source dot/env/file && set +o allexport

In some case, you wanna disable a environment in current shell, so you can

unset ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE

Update Ubuntu new version

You can use integration tool inside ubuntu to update new version, that will pull and update packages inside host, do that easily with command

# Check the linux version
lsb_release -a
 
# Use command to update new version ubuntu
do-release-upgrade

Warning

In this situation you update ubuntu, it will update your kernel so please remember make a big-changes can gain different harden to control, so do know before you doing

Follow some methodology to upgrade new version of kernel, such as

Depend on those articles, you can update kernel of Ubuntu via

Update OS version (e.g. 20.04 ⇒ 22.04)
Update package of OS dependencies
Manually Update

When you choose manually update, you can use some following tools

Mainline
ubuntu-mainline-kernel.sh
Directly download use curl or wget and installing from pkgs.org

If you see this one from via kubewekend series, I prefer to use update Ubuntu version or use secondly optional via apt like

# check your kernel version, via uname
uname -r
 
# find the supportive from apt repositories, via apt search
sudo apt search linux-image
 
# figure out the compatible version, if you come from kubewekend you can use version 5.15.0-116-generic, so we install via
sudo apt install linux-virtual-hwe-20.04 -y
 
# Reboot to receive the new update
sudo reboot # OR use sudo shutdown -r now

Update alternative version

Quote

When you have multiple version of tools, package or moreover, like python java jdk shell, you need to switch between of them that why you need the topic

For change and update the configuration between different of tools, debian core offer us the command call update-alternatives. Let digest to its

You can find the manual of the command with --help flag

$ update-alternatives --help
Usage: update-alternatives [<option> ...] <command>
 
Commands:
  --install <link> <name> <path> <priority>
    [--slave <link> <name> <path>] ...
                           add a group of alternatives to the system.
  --remove <name> <path>   remove <path> from the <name> group alternative.
  --remove-all <name>      remove <name> group from the alternatives system.
  --auto <name>            switch the master link <name> to automatic mode.
  --display <name>         display information about the <name> group.
  --query <name>           machine parseable version of --display <name>.
  --list <name>            display all targets of the <name> group.
  --get-selections         list master alternative names and their status.
  --set-selections         read alternative status from standard input.
  --config <name>          show alternatives for the <name> group and ask the
                           user to select which one to use.
  --set <name> <path>      set <path> as alternative for <name>.
  --all                    call --config on all alternatives.
 
<link> is the symlink pointing to /etc/alternatives/<name>.
  (e.g. /usr/bin/pager)
<name> is the master name for this link group.
  (e.g. pager)
<path> is the location of one of the alternative target files.
  (e.g. /usr/bin/less)
<priority> is an integer; options with higher numbers have higher priority in
  automatic mode.
 
Options:
  --altdir <directory>     change the alternatives directory
                             (default is /etc/alternatives).
  --admindir <directory>   change the administrative directory
                             (default is /var/lib/dpkg/alternatives).
  --instdir <directory>    change the installation directory.
  --root <directory>       change the filesystem root directory.
  --log <file>             change the log file.
  --force                  allow replacing files with alternative links.
  --skip-auto              skip prompt for alternatives correctly configured
                           in automatic mode (relevant for --config only)
  --quiet                  quiet operation, minimal output.
  --verbose                verbose operation, more output.
  --debug                  debug output, way more output.
  --help                   show this help message.
  --version                show the version.

When you want to take a look how the version we have, such as java you can call with --list flag and name, example

$ update-alternatives --list java
/usr/lib/jvm/java-11-openjdk-amd64/bin/java
/usr/lib/jvm/java-18-openjdk-amd64/bin/java

And when you have decision, on my situation java on my machine on 11 but I want to switch to 18, you can perform this command

# Check version java
$ java --version
openjdk 11.0.22 2024-01-16
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 11.0.22+7-post-Ubuntu-0ubuntu222.04.1)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 11.0.22+7-post-Ubuntu-0ubuntu222.04.1, mixed mode, sharing)
 
# Change version to 18
$ sudo update-alternatives --config java
There are 2 choices for the alternative java (providing /usr/bin/java).
 
  Selection    Path                                         Priority   Status
------------------------------------------------------------
  0            /usr/lib/jvm/java-18-openjdk-amd64/bin/java   1811      auto mode
* 1            /usr/lib/jvm/java-11-openjdk-amd64/bin/java   1111      manual mode
  2            /usr/lib/jvm/java-18-openjdk-amd64/bin/java   1811      manual mode
 
Press <enter> to keep the current choice[*], or type selection number: 0
update-alternatives: using /usr/lib/jvm/java-18-openjdk-amd64/bin/java to provide /usr/bin/java (java) in auto mode
 
# Check the version java again
$ java --version
openjdk 18.0.2-ea 2022-07-19
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 18.0.2-ea+9-Ubuntu-222.04)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 18.0.2-ea+9-Ubuntu-222.04, mixed mode, sharing)

Relate documentation

Rerun the previous command

You can use previous command with !! on your shell, for example

# First if you use clear screen
clear
 
# You can call clear screen again with !!
!!

Also you can reuse the previous command arguments, for example

$ command <args>
$ 2nd command !$

Comment note in Shell Bash

Info

2 ways for writing the comment to shell bash.

Example and troubleshooting via Link to details

Using the `#` character for comment

Info

In Bash, a comment starts with the hash symbol (#). Anything after # on that line is considered a comment and is ignored by the Bash interpreter

# This is a comment in Bash
 
# Output:
# (No output, as comments are not executed)

Using the doctype `Here Document` for comment multiple line

Info

Bash doesn’t have a specific syntax for multi-line comments like some other languages, but you can use a trick with the : command and a ‘here document’ to achieve the same effect.

: << 'END_COMMENT'
This is a
multi-line comment
in Bash
END_COMMENT
 
# Output:
# (No output, as comments are not executed)

Reconfiguration for curl template output

Note

Reference: Timing Page Responses With Curl

Templates format to output via `curl` command

curl-formatter.txt

time_namelookup:  %{time_namelookup}s\n
time_connect:  %{time_connect}s\n
time_appconnect:  %{time_appconnect}s\n
time_pretransfer:  %{time_pretransfer}s\n
time_redirect:  %{time_redirect}s\n
time_starttransfer:  %{time_starttransfer}s\n
				 ----------\n
	  time_total:  %{time_total}s\n

To reference the documentation for the time based variables is as follows.

time_appconnect - The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the SSL/SSH/etc connect/handshake to the remote host was completed.
time_connect - The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the TCP connect to the remote host (or proxy) was completed.
time_namelookup - The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the name resolving was completed.
time_pretransfer - The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the file transfer was just about to begin. This includes all pre-transfer commands and negotiations that are specific to the particular protocol(s) involved.
time_redirect - The time, in seconds, it took for all redirection steps including name lookup, connect, pretransfer and transfer before the final transaction was started. time_redirect shows the complete execution time for multiple redirections.
time_starttransfer - The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the first byte was just about to be transferred. This includes time_pretransfer and also the time the server needed to calculate the result.
time_total - The total time, in seconds, that the full operation lasted.

How to use

Find the PATH which including the curl-formatter.txt file with cd or pwd, Use this with curl command

curl -w "@<file-formatter-above>" -o /dev/null -sL <url>

Redirect Output and Error

Note

Reference ▶️ ▶️ ▶️ How to Redirect Output and Error to /dev/null in Linux

Some thing about the output of linux

In the linux machine, /dev/null that will location where you can return null for your shell like command 2>&1 /dev/null
There will have 3 three type of output which linux has
- Standard input (stdin) is designated with 0
- Standard output (stdout) is designated with 1
- Standard error (stderr) is designated with 2

Redirect output to /dev/null in Linux

For example: You run apt install curl but you want your shell not return anything you can redirect output into /dev/null. It will be like

sudo apt install curl 1>/dev/null

Usage: Used it when you don’t want stdout go to your shell, just removing the odd things and keep the important output

Redirect error to /dev/null in Linux

For example: You run find / but you run with non root, so somecase you will have some permission error output to your shell. You can use /dev/null for removing this messing stuff

find / 2> /dev/null

Combine `stdout` and `stderror` into one with this character `&`

1. Long version
find / 2> /dev/null 1>/dev/null
 
2. Short version
find / 2>&1 /dev/null (Send error to output and send them to /dev/null)
 
3. Some other case
find / > /dev/null 2>&1

Sometime you can use version 2 of combining

The 2>&1 part means “redirect the error stream into the output stream”, so when you redirect the output stream, error stream gets redirected as well. Even if your program writes to stderr now, that output would be discarded as well. (Sergey Kalinichenko)

Find this problem ▶️ ▶️ What is /dev/null 2>&1?

User Management in Linux

Info

With User and Group configuration in Linux become potential to managing, and enhance your security, user connection and moreover. Following some situation to keep some command that be useful for us when manipulate this stuff inside Linux

Some articles can be good for us when practicing with those stuff around

Change Password

If you want to change password of current user, you can use command

# For Current User
passwd
 
# For Root User
sudo passwd
 
# For another user
passwd <username>

Add and Delete user

In this situation, you have multiple command to handle it, such as adduser, useradd, deluser and userdel. With the graduation introduce by Ubuntu Doc, I will choose adduser and deluser to handle this case

# Add user with no need handle much
sudo adduser username
 
# Del user with no need erase through multiple steps
sudo deluser username

Add and Delete user out of group

There is many way to handle this work, but I prefer to use it with usermod command

# Add user to group
sudo usermod -aG group username
 
# Remove user out group
sudo usermod -rG group username

Helpful `usermod` command

Change your user with new name, but you need do it on another user with kill that shell, because if you access to your old account, I will be attached by process

sudo usermod -l old_name new_name

Change the shell of user, you can switch to user to use chsh but this can be done remotely

sudo usermod --shell /path/to/shell username

Move the content of user’s home directory using usermod command

sudo usermod -d new_dir_path -m user_name

Run Background Command

Info

In some situation, when you want to multitasking on your shell but the task become sophisticated and should run in longtime for initiating or deleting somethings, you should move that into background and run to complete, you can use couple of tools and utilities of Linux to handle this, such as Ampersand (&), screen, tmux, …

You can double-check some articles to gather more information

Use Ampersand (&)

This is one of utilities already integrating inside your linux, you just playground with & with your command

# Run command in background
[command] &
 
# e.g
ping -4 google.com &

This will move this command into background and run to successful, you can check that via jobs command

# List all jobs background in your host
jobs

You can use fg for turn back command from background to current your shell

# Back with command
fg %<command> # e.g fg %nano
 
# Back with PID
fg <pid>

If you wanna suspend command, you can just hotkey ctrl + z to move process running into background and if you wanna run again in background, you can use bg command

Use `screen`

This one is one kind of popular method, you can use screen command to help you move the command into screen and you can control and manipulate multitask in multiple screen.

To install screen, you can use

sudo apt install screen -y

Now use screen to move your shell into screen mode

screen

Now, you can operate that one, try run long command such as ping and run hotkey ctrl+a d to attach this session

List all screen, you can use

screen -ls

To turn screen again, you can use with id of screen output from ls option or use name of shell

# Return by id
screen -r 2429028
 
# If you set your screen name like, e.g screen -S curl-command
# Return by name
screen -r curl-command

Use `tmux`

If I have talk about background process, most of my friend will relate tmux and I know many linux user use tmux every single day, so why not learn a bit about that one

For tmux installation, you can use

sudo apt install tmux -y

Now run tmux command for executing new session

tmux

You are in tmux, so try to run ping or curl command in longtime and you can use hotkey ctrl+b d for detaching your session into background

Now if you wanna turn your tmux again, you can use tmux with attach option

tmux a # or tmux attach

For more specific, you can add name for new session and turn it back with the name for more distinguish between multitasking

# specific name
tmux new -s tmux-first
 
# turn it back with name
tmux attach -t tmux-first

For list tmux session, you can use

tmux ls

Some cool functionality of tmux with hotkey, including

Create a new tab: [CTRL]+[b], [c]
Switch to tab number: [CTRL]+[b], <number>
Enable Scrolling up / Page up: [CTRL]+[b], [
Vertical Split: [CTRL]+[b], %
Horizontal Split: [CTRL]+[b], "
Kill tab: [CTRL]+[b], x

Networking with Linux

Find more the couple of articles below for troubleshooting Linux Networking

About disk, partition, storage and volume in Linux

Note

This implement show us how you can workaround with your storage, disk and partition inside Linux. Learn and leverage these techniques for building a success

center

Before you go into partition (advantaged), you can view another functionality with disk in another my example

[[Awesome Azure Cloud#add-a-new-disk-for-your-linux-virtual-machine|Add a new disk for your linux virtual machine]]
Ceph prerequisites with addition disk

Mount and Unmount Disk in Linux

To mount disk into your host, you should have sudo permission for handling that task

First of all, check the disk in your host via

lsblk -f

If you see your disk inject into your host, like nvme0n2 for example, you should check this disk format or not, if does, you should format this one

For partition the disk when you attach a new one, you can follow instruction about Create a Partition in Linux - A Step-by-Step Guide, Prepare a new empty disk, How to Format Disk Partitions in Linux to understand way to handle that

sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/nvme0n2

If you wanna file system format, you can double-check at File System Comparison: NTFS, FAT32, exFAT, and EXT, Which File System Should I Use


File System	Supported File Size	Compatibility	Ideal Usage
FAT32	up to 4 GB	Windows, Mac, Linux	For maximum compatibility
NTFS	16 EiB – 1 KB	Windows, Mac (read-only), most Linux distributions	For internal drives and Windows system file
Ext4	16 GiB – 16 TiB	Windows, Mac, Linux (requires extra drivers to access)	For files larger than 4 GB
Double check again with command

lsblk -f

Mount your partition disk into the directories of machine via mount

sudo mount /dev/nvme0n2 /path/to/mount

Check your disk is add to /etc/fstab, you can use blkid to handle that

sudo blkid

After that you can be make some mistake but if you want grant permission, you can continue for your progress in down below

# Change ownership of your drive
sudo chown <your-username> /dev/nvme0n2
 
# Change mount write permission
# NOTE: Umount before to do
sudo umount /dev/nvme0n2
sudo mount -o /dev/nvme0n2 /my-drive-locate
 
# Change permission of your file inside to user
sudo chown -R <user>:<group> /my-drive-locate

If you want unmount your disk, you can follow

sudo umount /dev/nvme0n2

Create a new partition

You can follow the article “PhoenixNAP - How to Create Partitions in Linux” to create a new partition on your disk. While multiple command-line tools are available for managing partitions, fdisk and parted are two popular options to consider.

Warning

To practice disk partitioning, you should always use a brand new volume or a disk that is not currently in use and has no existing partitions. Experimenting on your boot disk is extremely risky. You cannot partition or shrink a disk that is actively in use, which is why a fresh or unallocated disk is essential.

I prefer to use fdisk with good interaction and transparent what are you doing with your disk

First of all, you can check your disk attached on your machine via command

# Check your disk, partion and mountpoint
lsblk -f # View full your disk existing in your host (file-system)
lsblk -o NAME,HCTL,SIZE,MOUNTPOINT # expose less information
 
# Check with the fdisk also return good quality
fdisk -l # List all information about disk,partion
fdisk -x # see more information

Next, you can understand what target to part into small piece, you can use fdisk to playground with your disk

# e.g your disk is /dev/sdb for example
fdisk /dev/sdb

Now you will be loaded into new command shell, and inhere you can use m to view help

center

So we focus to use n to help us create a new partition for your disk

center

You can choose p to create a primary partition. When prompted, select a partition number (typically from 1 to 4, though it can extend up to 128 depending on the partitioning scheme). Then, define the first and last sectors, specifying the size in units like kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), …

center

Validate your partition before confirm to write it into the partition by p

center

Now confirm it with w to confirm your partition table and you can confirm your disk will contain a new partition, e.g: /dev/sdb1

center

Now you can format your disk and use this as usual to used. Explore more at above: Mount and Unmount Disk in Linux

Delete a partition

Similar to creating partitions, you also have the option to delete them using fdisk. You can find more details in the article “PhoenixNAP - How to Delete Partition in Linux.” While fdisk allows you to modify (e.g., delete) partitions on your disk, it is strongly recommended that you unmount (umount) any mounted filesystems and turn off any swap space (swapoff) on that disk before using fdisk to avoid data corruption or loss.

# e.g: your disk is /dev/sdb
fdisk /dev/sdb

Now you are into fdisk shell and you can choose d option to remove your partition, if you have multiple partition in your disk, it will ask you remove what partition and if not it will remove your only partition in your disk

center

If you decide overwrite and complete after view partition table, you can confirm that with w option

Warning

If you disk are still using as your mounting, your partition will work on next reboot, it means your partition still there

Now you can view your attach volume with lsblk -f command and you can see your partition will disappear

Resize or extend the partition

Question

If you encounter an “out of volume” error for your / (root) directory, but have ample unused space on your volume system, you can try extending your current partition. Here are some instructions you can review to handle this configuration.

Explore more information with these articles

For example, I have disk 10GB and use only first partition 2GB but currently my partition is out of space but we have second partition contain 8GB not use for any tasks. That’s why I should extend first partition with second partition to resolve about out of space

Now you need to extend your sdb1 with sdb2 with few steps. For resizing task, you can choose growpart, resize2fs for tools able handle configuration.

Info

If your disk is free space but format by ext4, you can’t extend your partition because current your disk is used all and not able to modify. Why ? growpart is for maximal, contiguous extension. It will use all available free space. But if you want to advantage, you should use parted command for instead

growpart /dev/sdb 1

Warning

Remembering you need to aware about space between your directory /dev/sdb and number partition for example sdb 1 to let you extend your partition

That’s why you should remove the sdb2 partition to collect free space for sdb1 partition with fdisk and now you can use growpart to extend free space

growpart /dev/sdb 1

Now you can double-check with lsblk to see how your modification

Info

You can see the your partition is extend to 10GB but current your file-system is still used 1.7GB, so you need one step with resize2fs for confirm your resizing

resize2fs /dev/sdb1

Now you can use lsblk -f of df -hT and you can see your disk will be formatted

Warning

For more advantaged, you should learn and practical with parted, it’s a command-line of gparted GUI which used for shrinking and workaround with your partition, but remembering you should consider for what you doing before applying anything with these tools. Read more at TectMint - 8 Parted Commands to Manage Disk Partitions in Linux

Resize tmpfs in Linux

Question

When you meet some problem related tmpfs, it is a file system which keeps all of its files in virtual memory, explore more at: Kernel - Tmpfs.

So mostly it will use tmpfs for /run directory and you can reboot to free virtual memory, but in some cases, you can’t do this operation and it will cause couple annoying

But luckily, I found the techniques for helping us remount but not corrupt any data in this location, expand method always good for us. Check it at Medium - How to resize tmpfs in Linux

You can use mount command with option remount to expand the size, it requires sudo so you should take this permission

sudo mount -o remount,size=new_size /path/to/tmpfs
 
# e.g expand full disk /run (as tmpfs). Check it with df -h 
sudo mount -o remount,size=10G /run

It will expand your /run immediately, so don’t worry corrupt or loss data. If fail, It will pop up the error at mount point

mount: /run: mount point not mounted or bad option.
       dmesg(1) may have more information after failed mount system call.

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